Dust emission and transport associated with Saharan depressions: The February 2007 case.

Abstract

The dust activity over North Africa associated with the Saharan depression event in February 2007 is investigated by mean of spaceborne observations and ground based measurements. The main characteristics of the cyclone as well as the meteorological conditions during this event are described using the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). The dust storm and cloud cover over North Africa is thoroughly described combining for the first time Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infra-Red Imager (SEVIRI) images for the spatio-temporal evolution and Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) and CloudSat observations for the vertical distribution.

The Saharan depression formed over Algeria in the lee of the Atlas Mountain on the afternoon of February 20 in response to midlatitude trough intrusion. It migrated eastward with a speed of 11 m s^-1 and reached Libya on February 22 before exiting the African continent toward the Mediterranean Sea on February 23. The horizontal scale of the cyclone at the surface varied between 800 km and 1000 km during its lifetime. On the vertical the cyclone extended over 8 km and a potential vorticity of 2 PVU was reported on its centre at 3km in altitude. The cyclone was characterised by a surface depth of 9 hPa, a warm front typified at the surface by an increase in surface temperature of 5°C, and a sharp cold front expressed by a drop in surface temperature of 8°C and an increase in 10m wind speed of 15 m s^-1.

The cyclone provided a dynamical forcing that led to strong near-surface winds and produced a major dust storm over North Africa. Heavy dust load was seen along the cold front and the southeastern edge of the cyclone accompanied by a deep cloud band along its northwestern edge. The dust was transported all around the cyclone leaving a clear eye on its centre. On the vertical, slanted dust layers were consistently observed during the event over North Africa. Furthermore, the dust was lofted to altitudes as high as 7 km, becoming subject to long range transport.

Key Words: Mediterranean cyclone, CloudSat, ECMWF, North Africa, Sharav cyclone, CALIPSO.

Abstract

A three-dimensional mesoscale numerical simulation has been performed to investigate the dust emissions over Sahel associated with strong near-surface winds in the region of the West African Inter Tropical Discontinuity (ITD) during the summer, when the ITD is located over Niger and Mali around 18°N.

The study focuses on the period from 2 to 12 July 2006, in the framework of the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA) Special Observing Period 2a1. A comparison with space-borne observations from the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infra-Red Imager (SEVIRI) as well as airborne lidar observations acquired on 7 July 2006 demonstrates that the model is able to reproduce the complex vertical structure of the dynamics and aerosol field associated with the monsoon-harmattan interface.

This suggests that the model can be used reliably to analyse and quantify the dust emissions associated with the strong monsoonal surface winds blowing over the Sahelian dust sources during the rainy season. A comparison with the surface observations in Niamey between 2 and 12 July period indicates that the near surface characteristics of the monsoon to the south of the ITD are realistically reproduced over the period of the simulation.

The dust load in the ITD region simulated by the model is compared to the estimates derived from satellite observations using the method of Koren et al. [2006]. The daily mean values of dust load related to the strong winds on both side of the ITD, estimated from the simulation within the model domain (2°W-16°E, 12-28°N), are in excess of 2 Tg on some days and are found to be underestimated with respect to the observational estimates.

In the present case, the dust load associated with the strong winds south of the ITD accounts for approximately 1/3 of the total load over the entire domain on a given day, and is simulated to range between 0.5 and 0.8 Tg on average.

This indicates that the mean daily dust load estimated in the ITD region is close to the estimated daily rate of dust emission from the Bodélé depression. This study suggests that emissions driven by strong surface winds occurring on both sides of the ITD while it lies across the Sahel may contribute significantly to the total dust load over West and North Africa observed annually.

Keywords: Dust, MesoNH, airborne lidar, density current, AMMA

Abstract

Three-dimensional mesoscale numerical simulations were performed over Niger in order to investigate dry cyclogenesis in the West African Inter Tropical Discontinuity (ITD) during the summer, when it is located over the Sahel. The implications of dry cyclogenesis on dust emission and transport over West Africa are also addressed. The study focuses on the case of 7th July 2006, during the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA) Special Observing Period 2a1.

Model results show the formation of three dry cyclones along the ITD during a 24-hour period. Simulations are used to investigate the formation and the development of one of these cyclones over Niger in the lee of the Hoggar-Aїr Mountains. They show the development of the vortex to be associated with (a) strong horizontal shear and low-level convergence existing along the monsoon shearline and (b) enhanced northeasterly winds associated with orographic blocking of cool air masses from the Mediterranean Sea. The dry cyclone was apparent between 0700 and 1300 UTC in the simulation and it was approximately 400 km wide and 1500 m deep. Potential vorticity in the centre of vortex reached nearly 6 PVU at the end of the cyclogenesis period (1000 UTC).

The role of the orography on cyclogenesis along the ITD was evaluated through model simulations without orography. The comparison of the characteristics of the vortex in the simulations with and without orography suggests that the orography plays a secondary but still important role in the formation of the cyclone. Orography and related flow splitting tend to create Low Level Jets (LLJs) in the lee of the Hoggar and Aїr mountains which, in turn, create conditions favorable for the onset of a better defined and more intense vortex in the ITD region. Moreover, orography blocking appears to favor the occurrence of a longer-lived cyclone.

Furthermore, model results suggested that strong surface winds (~11 m s^-1) enhanced by the intensification of the vortex led to the emission of dust mass fluxes as large as 3 µg m^-2 s^-1. The mobilized dust was mixed upward to a height of 4-5 km to be made available for long-range transport.

This study suggests that the occurrence of dry vortices in the ITD region may contribute significally to the total dust activity over West Africa. The distribution of dust over the Sahara-Sahel may be affected over areas and at time scales much larger than those associated with the cyclone itself.

Key Word: AMMA, cyclone, dust emission, MesoNH, Intertropical Discontinuity.

Near dawn airborne lidar and dropsonde observations acquired on 7 July 2006, during the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA) Special Observing Period 2a1, were used to investigate dust mobilisation, lifting and transport in the inter-tropical discontinuity (ITD) region over western Niger.

Atmospheric reflectivity data from the LEANDRE 2 lidar system enabled us to analyse the structure of dust plumes in the context of wind and thermodynamic information provided by the WIND lidar system and dropsondes.

Dust mobilisation was mainly observed in two locations: (a) Within the monsoon flow as the result of the passage of a density current issued from a mesoscale convective system over southwest Niger. (b) At the leading edge of the monsoon flow where the near-surface winds and turbulence were strong, because the monsoon flow was behaving as an intrusive density current. The circulation in the head of the monsoon density current lifted the mobilized dust towards the wake, along an isentropic surface. Away from the leading edge, some of the mobilized dust was observed to mix across the monsoon-harmattan interface, due to the existence of mechanical shear above the monsoon layer, and to become available for long-range transport by the harmattan.

Because dust sources are widespread over the Sahel and presumably active on many days when the ITD is located in this region during summer, dust emissions associated with the described mechanism may influence the radiation budget over West Africa.

Key words: Monsoon, Harmattan, Density current, AMMA, Airborne lidars, Dropsondes, ECMWF analyses.

Abstract

The diurnal cycle of the Inter-tropical discontinuity (ITD), i.e. the interface at the ground between the moist monsoon air and the dry Harmattan air, is an important factor in the West African monsoon system. During the whole year of 2006, high resolution ground-based remote-sensing measurements have been performed in the area of Djougou, Benin which made it possible to observe the ITD and the associated sharp gradient of temperature and humidity in detail.

In order to extend the point measurements to a 3D view of the ITD and to enhance the knowledge of the processes around the ITD, the mesoscale atmospheric model MesoNH has been run for a 84-hours period in April 2006. In addition Meteosat infrared observations have been used to determine the ITD position and its movement. From these observations a northward propagation of the moist air front (ITD) of 8-12 m s^-1 has been calculated.

The model turned out to match well with the observations: For example, the time of front arrival in Djougou is simulated with a maximum error of about 1 hour and the speed of the ITD is consistent with Meteosat images. This agreement suggests the use of the model to further describe processes in the lower atmosphere.

Keywords: AMMA, West African Monsoon, Low level jet, MesoNH

Abstract:

To reach my goals, I use an observations-modelling coupled aproach.

In term of modelling my mean is the regional atmospheric model MesoNH coupled with a dust emission model (the DEAD model) together with the ECWMF analyses. In term of observations, I use the measurements collected during two field campaigns: the BoDEx campaign 2005 and the SOP2a1 2006 of the AMMA project where airborne LIDAR and ground based measurements of meteorological variables were performed. Satellite observations are also investigated in my studies such as CALIPSO , OMI , MODIS and SEVIRI data. For more details, please check the other sections on this website.

(1)  Service d’Aéronomie / IPSL, Paris, France
(2)  Météo-France, CNRM/GMEI, Toulouse, France
(3) Laboratoire d’Aérologie, UPS and CNRS, Toulouse, France
(4) Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Wessling, Germany

Airbone lidar observations acquired with the LEANDRE 2 system during 3 flights of the SAFIRE Falcon 20 in the framework of the AMMA Special Observing Period (SOP) 2a1 (July 2006) over western Niger, revealed the existence of desert dust uptakes in the region of the inter-tropical discontinuity (ITD) in the morning hours. Complementary observations provided by dropsondes released from the same platform as well as airborne wind measurements made from another platform (the DLR Falcon 20, flying in coordination with the SAFIRE Falcon 20) evidenced that the lifting was associated with the leading edge of the monsoon low level jet, and to be transported southward by the harmattan, above the monsoon layer.

A 10-day numerical simulation, using the mesoscale model Meso-NH (including the dust emission box Dust Entrainment And Deposition model), was conducted to assess the representativity of the observed phenomenon as well as the mechanisms associated with the Sahelian dust emissions. The Meso-NH simulation (initialized by and nudged with ECMWF analyses) was carried out on a 2000 km x 2000 km domain (20-km horizontal resolution) centered at 20°N and 7°E, that included the Falcons flight track, as well as numerous AMMA-related ground-based measurement sites (Tamanrasset, Agadez, Niamey/Banizoumbou, etc..) for validation purposes.

In the simulation, large dust uptakes associated with the leading edge of the monsoon flow, with a dust concentration reaching 2000µg/m3, and to be transported southward by the harmattan, above the monsoon layer, were well reproduced. On the other hand, the simulation suggested the existence of dust emissions associated with the harmattan flow which were not observed by airborne lidar measurements. The reason for the discrepancy between the model results and the lidar observations is investigated.

Saharan dust uptakes associated with the inter-tropical discontinuity dynamics: Calipso observations and numerical modelling

D. Bou Karam(1), C. Flamant(1), J .Pelon(1), J.-P. Chaboureau(2), P. Tulet(3)

(1)Service d’Aéronomie / IPSL, CNRS and UPMC, Paris, France
(2)Laboratoire d’Aérologie, UPS and CNRS, Toulouse, France
(3)Météo-France, CNRM/GMEI, Toulouse, France

Over West Africa, the convergence line between monsoon and harmattan flows is called Intertropical Discontinuity (ITD). This boundary between dry, hot air to the north and warm, humid air to the south is an area of low pressure closely linked to other structures such as the Heat low, the African Easterly Jet, the Intertropical Convergence Zone and the African easterly waves. The latitudinal displacements of the ITD were associated to pressure changes in the harmattan and the monsoon air masses on both sides of it.

In this study, Saharan dust emission associated with the ITD structure and dynamics, are observed by means of an airborne Lidar, a satellite Lidar and by the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), and are analysed by mean of numerical simulations using the non hydrostatic mesoscale model MesoNH.

MesoNH is a regional model initialized by and nudged with ECMWF analyses, including a prognostic dust scheme allowing feedback studies between dynamics and radiation [Grini et al., 2006], and a dust emission box model,  the Dust Entrainment And Deposition (DEAD) model [Zender et al., 2003] which is implemented as a component of the MesoNH. DEAD describes dust sources and sinks while dust advection and diffusion are quantified by the transport processes and methods used in the host model. A series of simulations over ten days -between 2 and 12 of July 2006- was carried out, on a 2000 km² domain (20-km horizontal resolution) centred at 20°N and 7°E.

Airborne Lidar observations were carried out during the AMMA Special Observing Periods (SOPs) which took place in summer 2006, by means of the differential absorption lidar LEANDRE 2 system onboard the SAFIRE Falcon 20 between 3 and 10 july 2006 over northern Niger. Satellite Lidar and radiometer measurements were taken respectively by the backscattered Lidar of the satellite CALIPSO and the OMI on the Aura.

Large dust uptakes were observed to be associated with the leading edge of the monsoon flow and to be transported southward above the monsoon flow.
The vertical structure of dust storms was illustrated with the aid of MesoNH vertical fields and Lidar vertical profils, while MesoNH horizontal fields and OMI observations allowed us to follow the life cycle of these dust storms and their relations to the intertropical front, harmattan and monsoon dynamics and structure.

Saharan dust uptake over Sahel associated with the inter-tropical discontinuity dynamics: Lidar observations and mesoscale modelling

D. Bou karam(1), C. Flamant(1), P. Tulet (2), J.-P. Chaboureau (3)

(1)  Service d’Aéronomie / IPSL, Paris, France
(2)  Météo-France, CNRM/GMEI, Toulouse, France
(3) Laboratoire d’Aérologie, UPS and CNRS, Toulouse, France

The convergence line between monsoon and harmattan flows constitutes an interface which is called Intertropical Discontinuity (ITD). It represents the boundary between dry, hot air to the north and warm, humid air to the south, as these winds converge, dry and moist air are forced upward. It is an area of low pressure closely linked to other structures such as the Heat low and the Intertropical Convergence Zone.
In this presentation, the ITD structure and dynamics, and the mechanisms of the key processes associated with the Saharan dust emission, are analysed by means of Lidar observations,  dropsondes measurements and mesoscale modelling using the MesoNH model.

MesoNH is a regional model initialized by and nudged with ECMWF analyses, including a prognostic dust scheme allowing feedback studies between dynamics and radiation schemes [Grini et al., 2006], and a dust emission box model,  the Dust Entrainment And Deposition (DEAD) model [Zender et al., 2003] which is implemented as a component of the MesoNH

DEAD describes dust sources and sinks while dust advection and diffusion are quantified by the transport processes and methods used in the host model.
Lidar observations and dropsondes measurements were carried out during the AMMA Special Observing Periods (SOPs) which took place in summer 2006, respectively by means of an airborne lidar –the differential absorption lidar LEANDRE 2 system– and the AVAPS 4 –channel dropsonde system onboard the SAFIRE Falcon 20– between 3 and 10 july 2006 over northern Niger.

A series of simulations over ten days –between 2 and 12 of July 2006– was carried out, on a 2000 km² domain (20-km horizontal resolution) centered at 20°N and 7°E, 62 levels were used on the vertical resolution starting at 30 m above the ground.
Large dust uptakes were observed to be associated with the leading edge of the monsoon flow and to be transported southward above the monsoon layer during the 3 days of flight, with a dust concentration reaching 2000µg/m3.
MesoNH simulations show dust emission to be associated with the harmattan flow which is not the case in the lidar observations, this disagreement between model and lidar observations is probably due to the boundary layer parametrization in the model.

Numerical Modelling of Saharian dust impact on the atmospheric dynamics in the Bodele depression.

D. Bou karam(1), C. Flamant(1), P. Tulet(2), J.-P. Chaboureau(3) , R. Washington(4), M. Todd(5)

(1)Service d’Aéronomie / IPSL, Paris, France
(2)Météo-France, CNRM/GMEI, Toulouse, France
(3)Laboratoire d’Aérologie, UPS and CNRS, Toulouse, France
(4)Oxford University Centre for the Environment, University of Oxford, UK
(5)Department of Geography, University College London, UK

The historical record suggests that the Bodélé depression is a remarkably strong dust source on a global scale and it has been active for several hundred years. This region is undoubtedly the most intense dust source in the world [Prospero et al., 2002]. It is a unique dust source due to its location at a bottle neck of two large magmatic formations that serves as a ‘wind lens’, guiding and focusing the surface winds to the Bodélé depression. In the winter, the low level jet resulting from the constriction between the Tibesti and Ennedi massifs is responsible for the large dust loads observed by satellite, averaging more than 0.5Tg per day on 40% of the winter days [Koren et al, 2006 and Washington et al, 2006 ]. During the Bodélé Dust Experiment (BodEX) which took place in March 2005, mass flux of dust emission was estimated to be approximately 1.2Tg per day [Todd et al., in press].

In this presentation, the dynamics associated with the dust emission in this region, are analysed by means of observations and numerical modelling. Our goal is to evaluate the direct radiative effect of the aerosols lofted in this source area and the effects of this on the planetary boundary layer thermodynamics in the region using a combination of mesoscale simulations (model Meso-NH) and ground-based measurements acquired in the framework of BodEX.

MesoNH is a regional model initialized by and nudged with ECMWF analyses, including a prognostic dust scheme allowing feedback studies between dynamics and radiation [Grini et al., 2006], and a dust emission box model,  the Dust Entrainment And Deposition (DEAD) model [Zender et al., 2003] which is implemented as a component of the MesoNH. DEAD describes dust sources and sinks while dust advection and diffusion are quantified by the transport processes and methods used in the host model.

A series of simulations covering the whole BodEX period was carried out, on a 2000 km2 domain (20-km horizontal resolution). A nested domain (5-km resolution) was also implemented and has been activated on days when large dust events were observed (March 4 and 9 to 12). The 20-km resolution domain is centered at 16°53′ N, 18°33′ E which is the position of the site of observation, 72 levels were used on the vertical resolution starting at 10 m above the ground. The nested domain was centered at 17°40’N and 19°70’E, and also used 72 levels.

With the aim of better understanding the connection between the various processes concerned, and to evaluate the role of each one, we carried out 3 types of simulations: a simulation without dust aerosols, a simulation with prognostics dust aerosols, and a simulation with the characteristcs properities of the dust aerosols as measured during BoDEx. The 3 simulations were evaluated against the BoDEx data. For that purpose, surface measurements of meteorological parameters at 2m height (including temperature, wind speed, humidity, solar UV radiation and air pressure), and measurements of aerosols optical properities like aerosol optical depth and dust size distribution, were used.

Maximum wind speeds are underestimated by the model with a 2m/s difference approximatively, while the spatio-temporal evolution of dust cloud and daytime temperature at 2m are reasonably well reproduced.

2010

Schwendike J., D. Bou Karam, S. Crumeyrolle, C. Flamant, S.C. Jones, M. Schmidberger, F. Solmon, T. Stanelle, B. Voge, H. Vogel (2010): Mineral dust transport over West Africa in 2006, AMS 29th Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology, 10–14 May 2010, Tucson, Arizona, USA.

Bou Karam D., C. Flamant, A. Evan, J. Cuesta and E. Williams (2010):
The radiative impact of airborne dust on the Saharan cyclone on February 2007, European Geosciences Union, General Assembly, 1-7 May 2010, Vienna, Austria.

Bou Karam D., E. Williams, M. McGraw-Herdeg, M. Janiga, J. Cuesta, C. Flamant and C. Thorncroft (2010): Dusty gust fronts at synoptic scale, initiated and maintained by moist convection over the Sahara desert, European Geosciences Union, General Assembly, 1-7 May 2010, Vienna, Austria.

Williams E., M. Donovan, Z. J. Luo, C. Kessinger, C. Huaqing, N. Rehak, D. Megenhardt, M. Steiner, D. Bou Karam (2010): Diameters of Cumulonimbi over Land and Ocean and Their Dependence on Cloud Base Height, AMS annual meeting, 17-20 January 2010, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

Bou Karam D., C. Flamant, P. Tulet (2010): Estimate of dust emissions in the intertropical discontinuity region of the West African Monsoon, AMS annual meeting, 17-20 January 2010, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

Bou Karam D., C. Flamant, A. Evan, J. Cuesta and E. Williams (2010): The radiative impact of airborne dust on the Saharan cyclone on February 2007, AMS annual meeting, 17-20 January 2010, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

Bou Karam D., E. Williams, M. McGraw-Herdeg, M. Janiga, J. Cuesta, C. Flamant and C. Thorncroft (2010): Dusty gust fronts at synoptic scale, initiated and maintained by moist convection over the Sahara desert, AMS annual meeting, 17-20 January 2010, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

2009

Bou Karam D., E. Williams, M. McGraw-Herdeg, M. Janiga, J. Cuesta, C. Flamant and C. Thorncroft (2009): Dusty gust fronts at synoptic scale, initiated and maintained by moist convection over the Sahara desert, AGU Fall meeting, 14-18 Dec 2009, San Francisco, California, USA.

Bou Karam D., C. Flamant, J. Cuesta, J. Pelon, E. Williams (2009): CALIPSO observations on dust emission and transport associated with Saharan depressions: The February 2007 case, CALIPSO/CloudSat Science Workshop, 27-31 July 2009, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.

Bou Karam D., E. Williams, M. McGraw-Herdeg, M. Janiga, J. Cuesta, C. Flamant and C. Thorncroft (2009): Dusty gust fronts at synoptic scale, initiated and maintained by moist convection over the Sahara desert, CALIPSO/CloudSat Science Workshop, 27-31 July 2009, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.

Bou Karam D., C. Flamant, P. Tulet, J. Pelon (2009): Dust emissions and transport in the intertropical discontinuity region of the west African Monsoon, 3^rd International AMMA Conference, 20-24 July 2009, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.

Bou Karam D., C. Flamant, P. Tulet, J-P. Chaboureau M. Chong and E. Williams (2009): Dry cyclogenesis in the intertropical discontinuity region of the west African Monsoon, European Geosciences Union, General Assembly, 19-24 April 2009, Vienna, Austria.

Bou Karam D., C. Flamant, J. Pelon (2009): CALIPSO observations on the dynamic of dust plumes in the intertropical discontinuity region of West Africa, European Geosciences Union, General Assembly, 19-24 April 2009, Vienna, Austria.

2008

Bou Karam D., C. Flamant, P. Tulet, J-P. Chaboureau (2008): Mesoscale modelling of dust emissions over the Sahel associated with the West African Monsoon intertropical discontinuity, Atelier de Modélisation de l’Atmosphère, Météo France, 22-24 January 2008, Toulouse, France.

Bou Karam D., C. Flamant, J. Pelon, J. Cuesta (2008): CALIPSO observations and mesoscale modelling on dust emissions and transport over the Sahel associated with the West African Monsoon Inter Tropical Discontinuity CALIPSO Science Team meeting, Centre National des Etudes Spatiales (CNES), 11-14 Mars 2008, Paris, France.

Bou Karam D., C. Flamant, P. Knippertz, P. Tulet (2008): A newly identified mechanism for dust emissions over the Sahel associated with the West African Monsoon inter-tropical discontinuity region European Geosciences Union, General Assembly, 14-18 April 2008, Vienna, Austria.

Bou Karam D., C. Flamant, J. Pelon, J-P. Chaboureau (2008): CALIPSO observations and mesoscale modelling on dust emissions and transport over the Sahel associated with the West African Monsoon Intertropical discontinuity, European Geosciences Union, General Assembly, 14-18 April 2008, Vienna, Austria.

Pospichal B., D. Bou Karam, S. Crewell, C. Flamant (2008): Diurnal cycle of the ITD before the onset of the WAM over Benin: ground-based measurements and mesoscale modelling, European Geosciences Union, General Assembly, 14-18 April 2008, Vienna, Austria.

Bou Karam D., C. Flamant, P. Knippertz, O. Reitebuch, M. Chong, A. Dabas, J. Pelon (2008): A newly identified mechanism for dust emissions over the Sahel associated with the West African Monsoon inter-tropical discontinuity, 24^th International Laser Radar Conference (ILRC), 23-27 June 2008, Boulder, Colorado, USA.

2007

Bou Karam D., C. Flamant, P. Tulet, J-P. Chaboureau (2007): Numerical modelling of Saharan dust impact on the atmospheric dynamics in the Bodélé depression, European Geosciences Union, General Assembly, 16-20 April 2007, Vienna, Austria.

Bou Karam D., C. Flamant, P. Tulet, J-P. Chaboureau (2007): Saharan dust lofting by Harmattan and monsoon flows convergence: Numerical Modelling and Lidar observations, European Geosciences Union, General Assembly, 16-20 April 2007, Vienna, Austria.

Bou Karam D., C. Flamant, J. Pelon, J-P. Chaboureau, P. Tulet (2007): Saharan dust uptakes associated with the inter-tropical discontinuity dynamics: CALIPSO observations and numerical modelling, CALIPSO Science Team meeting, June 2007, San Francisco, California, USA.

Bou Karam D., C. Flamant, J. Pelon, J-P. Chaboureau, P. Tulet (2007): Saharan dust uptakes associated with the inter-tropical discontinuity dynamics: CALIPSO observations and numerical modelling, Symposium de Lille, 22-26 October 2007, Lille, France.

Bou Karam D., C. Flamant, P. Tulet, P. Knippertz (2007): Saharan dust uptakes associated with the inter-tropical discontinuity dynamics: Airborne Lidar observations and numerical modelling, African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses (AMMA) 2nd International Conference, 26-30 November 2007, Karlsruhe, Germany.

Bou Karam D., C. Flamant, P. Tulet, J-P. Chaboureau, P. Knippertz (2007): Dust emissions over the Sahel associated with the West African Monsoon density current behavior in the inter-tropical discontinuity region, American Geophysical Union, 10-14 December 2007, San Francisco, California, USA.